Science the Endless Frontier set forth two important dicta: One posits that basic science is performed without thought of practical use, to derive fundamental understanding. - 1. . We cannot again rely on our allies to hold off the enemy while we struggle to catch up.
Such impetus can come promptly only from the Government. 20 as a If those who have the means coincided entirely with those persons who have the talent we should not be squandering a part of our higher education on those undeserving of it, nor neglecting great talent among those who fail to attend college for economic reasons. As stated earlier in this report, military preparedness requires a permanent, independent, civilian-controlled organization, having close liaison with the Army and Navy, but with funds direct from Congress and the clear power to initiate military research which will supplement and strengthen that carried on directly under the control of the Army and Navy. organize and share citations. "In his companion essay to this new edition of Science, the Endless Frontierthe blueprint for American science since World War IIRush Holt argues that a more expansive philosophical vision of the value of science is needed, one that embraces the public as a more equal partner. RENEWAL OF OUR SCIENTIFIC TALENT
He layers historical context with a deeper examination of publicly funded science, and he challenges the scientific community to be more inclusive. Another aspect of the changing emphasis is the increase of mental diseases. To encourage and enable a larger number of young men and women of ability to take up science as a career, and in order gradually to reduce the deficit of trained scientific personnel, it is recommended that provision be made for a reasonable number of (a) undergraduate scholarships and graduate fellowships and (b) fellowships for advanced training and fundamental research. They must offer research opportunities and sufficient compensation to enable them to compete with industry and government for the cream of scientific talent. The function of applied research is to provide such complete answers. Science, the endless frontier : A report to the President V. Bush Published 15 September 2011 Engineering, Political Science View via Publisher biodiversitylibrary.org Save to Library Create Alert Cite 1,016 Citations Citation Type More Filters Bridging knowledge to commercialization: the good, the bad, and the challenging T. Baycan, R. Stough It should be competent to advise the Secretary of War and the Secretary of the Navy. February 9-17-24, 2021 L . The Armed Services should comb their records for men who, prior to or during the war, have given evidence of talent for science, and make prompt arrangements, consistent with current discharge plans, for ordering those who remain in uniform as soon as militarily possible to duty at institutions here and overseas where they can continue their scientific education. To devise and promote the use of methods of improving the transition between research and its practical application in industry. It can be effective in the national welfare only as a member of a team, whether the conditions be peace or war. "Daniel J. Kevles, author of The Baltimore Case: A Trial of Politics, Science, and Character, "During his productive time in Congress and afterward, Rush Holt has been a champion of scientific research and the integration of science into policymaking. This general knowledge provides the means of answering a large number of important practical problems, though it may not give a complete specific answer to any one of them. It results in general knowledge and an understanding of nature and its laws. There is one other matter which requires special mention. Much medical progress, for example, will come from fundamental advances in chemistry. Today, amid a changing funding landscape and challenges to science's very credibility, Science, the Endless Frontier resonates as a powerful reminder that scientific progress and public well-being alike depend on the successful symbiosis between science and government.This timely new edition presents this iconic text alongside a new companion essay from scientist and former congressman Rush Holt, who offers a brief introduction and consideration of what society needs most from science now. We can no longer count on ravaged Europe as a source of fundamental knowledge. The reduction in death rate from diseases of childhood has shifted the emphasis to the middle and old age groups, particularly to the malignant diseases and the degenerative processes prominent in later life. Uncertainties as to the attitude of the Bureau of Internal Revenue regarding the deduction of research and development expenses are a deterrent to research expenditure. Research is also affected by the patent laws. In discharging these responsibilities Federal funds should be made available. 2. The extent of this contribution in turn depends on the creative spirit and talent which can be brought to bear within a research laboratory. Placing the civilian military research function in the proposed agency would bring it into close relationship with a broad program of basic research in both the natural sciences and medicine. When aided by selective devices for picking out scientifically talented youth, it is clear that large sums of money for scholarships and fellowships and monetary and other rewards in disproportionate amounts might draw into science too large a percentage of the nation's high ability, with a result highly detrimental to the nation and to science. To review and balance the financial requirements of the several Divisions and to propose to the President the annual estimate for the funds required by each Division. The 1945 document, officially attributed to engineer Vannevar (rhymes with Beaver) Bush, urged President Harry Truman to convert the momentum of the World War II-era Office of Scientific Research and . Science, the Endless Frontier (2021 edition) | Open Library Announcing Yearly Reading Goals: Learn More or Set your 2023 goal Science, the Endless Frontier Vannevar Bush, Rush Holt Not in Library Want to Read 1 2 3 4 5 Better World Books More When you buy books using these links the Internet Archive may earn a small commission. Science, the endless frontier. Bushs vision set the course for US science policy for more than half a century, building the worlds most productive scientific enterprise. All of the medical and public health groups share credit for these achievements; they form interdependent members of a team. Putting together Science, the Endless Frontier 75 years ago, Vannevar Bush drew on his experience during World War II, but proposed something entirely novela federal agency with a unique structure that would fund university research to meet broad national needs. INTRODUCTION
In addition a flow of scientific information constitutes one facet of general international accord which should be cultivated. The most immediate prospect of making up some of the deficit in scientific personnel is by salvaging scientific talent from the generation in uniform. The abuses should be corrected. In my opinion, however, we have drawn too heavily for nonscientific purposes upon the great natural resource which resides in our trained young scientists and engineers. Copy link Link copied. We will not get ahead in international trade unless we offer new and more attractive and cheaper products. The function of such a civilian group would be primarily to conduct long-range scientific research on military problems - leaving to the Services research on the improvement of existing weapons. One of our hopes is that after the war there will be full employment, and that the production of goods and services will serve to raise our standard of living. This should be corrected by building up the weaker institutions, especially in regions which now have no strong medical research activities. It is chiefly in these institutions that scientists may work in an atmosphere which is relatively free from the adverse pressure of convention, prejudice, or commercial necessity. Today, amid a changing funding landscape and challenges to sciences very credibility, Science, the Endless Frontier resonates as a powerful reminder that scientific progress and public well-being alike depend on the successful symbiosis between science and government.This timely new edition presents this iconic text alongside a new companion essay from scientist and former congressman Rush Holt, who offers a brief introduction and consideration of what society needs most from science now. This is particularly so since the measure of a successful research contract lies not in the dollar cost but in the qualitative and quantitative contribution which is made to our knowledge. Science, the Endless Frontier is recognized as the landmark argument for the essential role of science in society and government's responsibility to support scientific endeavors. All of these factors are of great importance in the development of new knowledge, since much of new knowledge is certain to arouse opposition because of its tendency to challenge current beliefs or practice. Such expansion should be directed to fields of inquiry and service which are of public importance and are not adequately carried on by private organizations. Several hundred articles have appeared in the professional journals; many are in process of publication. It is my judgment that the national interest in scientific research and scientific education can best be promoted by the creation of a National Research Foundation. The release of information from security regulations is but one phase of the problem. The Endless Frontier Act provides $100 billion over 10 years for the research, development, and commercialization of these technologies. We find that papers and patents are . This is the American way; this is the way the United States has become what it is. V-2 was countered only by the capture of the launching sites. A broad dissemination of scientific information upon which further advances can readily be made furnishes a sounder foundation for our national security than a policy of restriction which would impede our own progress although imposed in the hope that possible enemies would not catch up with us. To establish and maintain such offices within the United States, its territories and possessions, as they may deem necessary. E-Book Overview. I believe that, as a permanent measure, it would be appropriate to add to the agency needed to perform the other functions recommended in this report the responsibilities for civilian-initiated and civilian-controlled military research. But we must proceed with caution in carrying over the methods which work in wartime to the very different conditions of peace. These groups are concerned with science as collateral and peripheral to the major problems of those Departments. International exchange of scientific information is of growing importance. There are talented individuals in every segment of the population, but with few exceptions those without the means of buying higher education go without it. The growth of research departments in medical schools ahs been very uneven, however, and in consequence most of the important work has been done in a few large schools. We have no national policy for science. The CHIPS and Science Act combines two bipartisan bills the Endless Frontier Act, designed to boost investment in domestic high-tech research and the CHIPS for America Act, designed to bring semiconductor manufacturing back to the U.S. In the case of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, arrangements have been made for the preparation of manuscripts, while the staffs under our control are still assembled and in possession of the records, as soon as the pressure for production of results for this war has begun to relax. Modern war requires the use of the most advanced scientific techniques. The responsibility for the creation of new scientific knowledge rests on that small body of men and women who understand the fundamental laws of nature and are skilled in the techniques of scientific research. As President Roosevelt observed, the annual deaths from one or two diseases are far in excess of the total number of American lives lost in battle during this war. The Congress is now considering legislation to provide funds for this Board by direct appropriation. The establishment of the new agency, including a civilian military research group, should not be delayed by the existence of the Research Board for National Security, which is a temporary measure. Notable examples are found within the Departments of Agriculture, Commerce, Interior, and the Federal Security Agency. BOOK. Among the young men and women qualified to take up scientific work, since 1940 there have been few students over 18, except some in medicine and engineering in Army and Navy programs and a few 4-F's, who have followed an integrated scientific course of studies. Science: The Endless Frontier, sowing seeds for the innovation and technology-driven productivity gains that propelled the United States to global economic and geopolitical leadership, generated unprecedented wealth for Americans, and drove social progress. - The National Research Foundation should develop and promote a national policy for scientific research and scientific education, should support basic research in nonprofit organizations, should develop scientific talent in American youth by means of scholarships and fellowships, and should by contract and otherwise support long-range research on military matters. The answer is clear. As a temporary measure the National Academy of Sciences has established the Research Board for National Security at the request of the Secretary of War and the Secretary of the Navy. It is wholly probable that progress in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, renal disease, cancer, and similar refractory diseases will be made as the result of fundamental discoveries in subjects unrelated to those diseases, and perhaps entirely unexpected by the investigator. A balance between military and other research could thus readily be maintained. Operating agencies have immediate operating goals and are under constant pressure to produce in a tangible way, for that is the test of their value. It is estimated that an adequate program for Federal support of basic research in the colleges, universities, and research institutes and for financing important applied research in the public interest, will cost about 10 million dollars at the outset and may rise to about 50 million dollars annually when fully underway at the end of perhaps 5 years. But nowhere in the Governmental structure receiving its funds from Congress is there an agency adapted to supplementing the support of basic research in the universities, both in medicine and the natural sciences; adapted to supporting research on new weapons for both Services; or adapted to administering a program of science scholarships and fellowships. Presentation of budgets of financial needs for the work of the Division. While there must be increased emphasis on science in the future training of officers for both the Army and Navy, such men cannot be expected to be specialists in scientific research. It should be arranged that the Members first appointed serve terms of such length that at least two Members are appointed each succeeding year. More Filters.
Biddle Law Library The . We have been directing the energies of our scientists to the development of weapons and materials and methods, on a large number of relatively narrow projects initiated and controlled by the Office of Scientific Research and Development and other Government agencies. Research Impact Series:Understanding Research Metrics. Science made that possible, too. Further, we cannot expect industry adequately to fill the gap. Scientific Progress Is Essential. Legislation on this point should leave to the Members of the Foundation discretion as to its patent policy in order that patent arrangements may be adjusted as circumstances and the public interest require. To insure continued preparedness along farsighted technical lines, the research scientists of the country must be called upon to continue in peacetime some substantial portion of those types of contribution to national security which they have made so effectively during the stress of the present war * * *. . It would be folly to set up a program under which research in the natural sciences and medicine was expanded at the cost of the social sciences, humanities, and other studies so essential to national well-being. There are within Government departments many groups whose interests are primarily those of scientific research. The deficit of those holding advanced degrees -- that is, young scholars trained to the point where they are capable of carrying on original work -- has been estimated as amounting to about 17,000 by 1955 in chemistry, engineering, geology, mathematics, physics, psychology, and the biological sciences. Second are the infectious diseases, and third is cancer. Effects of Mobilization of Science for War. Beijing 100016, P.R. - The function of this Division should be to support medical research. Science: The endless frontier. To promote the dissemination of scientific and technical information and to further its international exchange. Expenditures for scientific research by industry and Government -- almost entirely applied research -- have more than doubled between 1930 and 1940. Use code FLASH at checkout. While there will always be the rare individual who will rise to the top without benefit of formal education and training, he is the exception and even he might make a more notable contribution if he had the benefit of the best education we have to offer. Background Citations. The legislation puts technology commercialization on an equal footing with scientific research in America's national innovation system by creating a new technology directorate at the National Science Foundation. Together, Bush and Holt give us a roadmap for US science today. (2) The agency to administer such funds should be composed of citizens selected only on the basis of their interest in and capacity to promote the work of the agency. Approximately 7 million persons in the United States are mentally ill; more than one-third of the hospital beds are occupied by such persons, at a cost of $175 million a year. SUMMER 2020 35. public values. 2. Industry will fully rise to the challenge of applying new knowledge to new products. This is not a complaint -- it is a fact. Apart from teaching, however, the primary obligation of the medical schools and universities is to continue the traditional function of such institutions, namely, to provide the individual worker with an opportunity for free, untrammeled study of nature, in the directions and by the methods suggested by his interests, curiosity, and imagination. History. It cannot be satisfactorily conducted in an atmosphere where it is gauged and tested by operating or production standards. 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